Many Muslims believe that India has become dar-ul-Harb, after the Battle of Plassey in 1757. According to them, it was obvious that the British now had the power to interfere with religious observances of their Muslim subjects. It was, therefore, it is up to lead a holy war (jihad) against the British to turn the country dar-ul-Islam. Another school represented by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan said the Jihad against the British was not appropriate for the reasons that Muslims enjoyed peace and religious freedom under British rule.
It was the first design was the inspiration for the Mujahideen Movement, which was the first major effort to expel the British from India. Syed Ahmed Barelvi died on the battlefield in Balakot, in 1831, but it leaves behind a well established organization and his followers stubbornly continued to struggle. The War of Independence (1857) also fought under Islamic flag. Far from restoring full power of the Mughal emperor, lifting 1857 led to his banishment and the total British sovereignty over India. Until the late nineteenth century, the Muslims of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent shown any great interest in Indian politics.
In the opening event of the outside of the twentieth century in India added to concerns of Muslims. During the Second Russo-Turkish War of 1877 Indian Muslims first expressed sympathy for the Turks in a larger scale. All causes that Turkey says the 1897 war with Greece, in 1911 the war with Italy and Balken 1912 war evoked agitation in India. The situation became even more difficult when a few months after the outbreak of World War II in 1914, which ended with the defeat of Turkey.
British foreign policy towards Muslim states, including Turkey, continued to add to the anxiety of Indian Muslims. In 1907, Colombia signed an agreement with Russia - the traditional enemy of Turkey. This greatly threatened the independence of Iran. In 1911, Italy attacked and occupied Tripoli. Therefore, war broke out between Italy and Turkey. Prolonged the war, and in October 1912, the Balkan states also declared war on Turkey. As a result almost all of its European assets except Thrace, Constantinople and the Straits, were lost to Turkey. These events have quickly caught the attention of Indian Muslims. The Sultan of Turkey "was the Khalifa or successor to the Prophet and Amir-ul-Momineen or leader of the believers" 0.1 The fate of Turkey, naturally caused great anxiety for Indian Muslims. New inhuman atrocities on innocent Turks, regardless of sex or age of the Italian conquest and fo desecration of the Holy Places of Islam, the French occupation of Morocco and the hangings ulema Russian Meshhad "deeply saddened Indian Muslims. They attributed all this suffering for Europeans, especially the British, who in his opinion were to destroy Islam worldwide.2 a fire seemed to have swept across the country. Great speakers reputation as Shaukat Ali, Muhammad Ali, Abul Kalam Azad and Shibli Nu 'peanut condemned in no uncertain terms the brutalities committed by the Turks aggressors. also severely criticized the British government for its support to belligerents. a series of articles critical of British imperial policy in favor of pan-Islamic began appearing movement. the most popular and voice were Al-Hilal started by Abul Kalam Azad from Calcutta, Comrade Muhammad Ali Hamdard and Zamindar Zafar Ali Khan. The Aga Khan and Syed Ameer Ali, president of the All India Muslim League and the London branch of the League, respectively, have carried out a similar campaign for Turkish brothers. They released sincere to the British public and the government appeals to all efforts are made to save Turkey from total disintegration. Also appealed to Indian Muslims to sacrifice everything for the Support of Turkish Injured, sick and hungry to form national committees of support, to pray for the success of the Turks and contribute Hilal-i-Ahmar Fund3.
The cumulative effect of all these campaigns is that huge funds to support the Turks were collected; Crescent branches have formed throughout the country; a medical mission was organized and sent to war under the leadership of Dr. Ahmad Mukhtar Ansari. An association with the name of Anjuman-i-Khuddam-i-Kaaba was formed by Mushir Hussain Qidwai in collaboration with Shaukat Ali and others. The association was to unite the Musalmans of each section and violate the sanctity of the three haram of Islam in Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem.4 These were the beginnings of the Khilafat Movement was to win an unprecedented scale after the First World War
Since the change in British politics, maintaining the territorial integrity and independence of the Ottoman Empire had become the main concern of Indian Muslims. They apprehended that if Turkey also lost its independence and Muslims, like Jews, a religious sect is reduced without its own government.
The Muslims of India were deeply concerned that after the war the state of the sultan in both territorial and spiritual must remain intact. Between 1912, when he became the first Balkan War and 1922 when Turkey has made peace with the European powers Indian Muslims were completely absorbed in the fate of Turkey and Arabia.
With the abolition of the Caliphate, the Muslims of India missed the point abroad Muslim rallies revival and increasingly began to feel like the most important body of believers in the world, was more responsibility themselves that others to fight for the solidarity of Islam.
The Muslim League was founded in 1906, but for many years was relatively small conservative organization, composed of top professionals and landed mostly Muslims. It was not very active during the Khilafat Movement. Within 24 to 25 May 1924 the League met in Lahore under the chairmanship of Quaid-i-Azam. In 1925, suspecting that Iraq was about to be put back in Britain as the mandatory power, the League passed a resolution declaring that Iraq was part of Jazirat Arab ul and, as such, should not remain under the control of a representative non-Muslim power. The League has protested against the decision of the Board of Mosul of the League of Nations as a great injustice to Turkey and Britain expected to recognize the right of Turkey to Mosul Vilayat and solves the problem by peaceful negotiation.5 at the meeting in Delhi on November 1933, the League has recognized its strong protest against the policy of the British government trying to make Palestine a national home for the Jews. The Muslim League represents the views of Muslims in India in the field with Muslims was India.6
Quaid-i-Azam was elected permanent president of the Muslim League in 1934. Now he could direct the action of the League within and outside the country according to his genius. In 1937, in his presidential address, said:?.. "May I now turn to the question of Palestine shook the Musalmans throughout India as deeply The whole policy of the British government was a betrayal of the Arabs, since its inception is took advantage of his trusting nature. Britain has dishonored his announcement to the Arabs, who had guaranteed the full independence of the countries of Arab origin, and the formation of an Arab Confederation under the stress of the Great War. After using, giving false promises, settled in compulsory with the famous Balfour Declaration, which was obviously irreconcilable and unable to operate simultaneously. then, after following the line of the search for a homeland for the Jews, Britain now proposed partition . of Palestine and the recommendation of the Royal Commission into complete tragedy If given effect, must necessarily lead to complete ruin and destruction of all the legitimate aspirations of the Arabs in his homeland - and now we are asked to look realities: Who created this? It was the work of, and caused by, the tough British statesmen. The League of Nations, apparently, and hopefully not approved the scheme of royal commissions and further review may be held. But is that a real effort to give the Arabs share? I can remember Britain that the question of Palestine is not met fairly and squarely, boldly and courageously decided to be the point in the history of the British Empire back. I'm sure I do not just mean the Musalmans of India, but the world, and all sectors of thought and impartial people will agree when I say that Britain will be digging his grave if it does not meet its proclamation initial, local intentions and - before the war and even after the war - which expresses unequivocally the Arabs and the world in general. I find that a very tense feeling of excitement was created and the British government, in desperation resort to repressive measures, and deal ruthlessly with public opinion of the Arabs in Palestine. Muslims in India will be held securely and will help the Arabs in every possible way in the brave and fair in their fight against all odds. Can I send a message on behalf of the All India Muslim League - joy, courage and determination in their just cause and struggle, and I am sure that they will win through "7?
In 1937, the Company adopted five resolutions and requested the annulment of the British mandate in Palestine and the British government warned that if he could not change his pro-Jewish policy in Palestine ", the Mussalmans of India, in harmony with the rest of the Islamic world view the British as the enemy of Islam and may be forced to take all necessary measures in accordance with the dictates of his faith'.8
Back in his presidential address to the 26th session of the League held in Patna, in December 1938, the Quaid said, "Among the immediate problems we need to discuss with, which may come before the Committee on the subject is the question of Palestine. I know how Muslim feelings stirred on the question of Palestine. I know that Muslims will not shirk any sacrifice if necessary to help the Arabs who are engaged in the struggle for national freedom. you know that Arabs were treated without shame - men who fight for the freedom of their country, have been described as gangsters, and subjected to all forms of repression to defend his home-land, set at the lowest point of the bayonet, and the help. martial law. But no nation, people are worth living as a nation, can achieve something great without great sacrifice, as the Arabs of Palestine are doing. All our sympathies are with those brave martyrs who fight the battle of the freedom against the usurpers. Are subject to the monstrous injustices that are supported by British imperialism with the ulterior motive to placate the international Jewish community, which controls the money bags. This question we have to consider. "9
The League called for the celebration of Palestine "meetings of protest and offering prayers.10 A delegation of four officials was sent abroad to promote the Arab cause. He remained abroad for nine months visiting Cairo, London, Geneva, Rome and Bairut.
In December 1938, the Muslim League passed a resolution "unfair Balfour Declaration and the subsequent repressive policy adopted by the British government in Palestine aimed at making their sympathy for the Jews an excuse to integrate the country into the British Empire strengthen British imperialism and against the idea of the Federation of Arab States and their possible union with Muslim states "0.11 next year, in 1939, the Fund opened Palestine.
After the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, the Council of the League ", decided that, given the repeated complaints that came to India recently that there was a risk of spreading the flame war and aggression against foreign powers independence and sovereignty of Muslim countries such as Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Turkey, the President is authorized to fix a day for the purpose of expressing and demonstrating its deepest sympathy and concern for Muslim India with Muslim countries and also convey to those who have such a design that in the case of an attack Muslim countries, Muslim India will be forced to stand by them and give all possible support ".
In his presidential address to the historic Lahore session of the League in March 1940, Quaid-i-Azam said the Muslim wanted "that the British government should actually and effectively respond to the demands of the Arabs in Palestine." 12 urged the British government and its allies to declare unequivocally that the sovereignty and independence of the Muslim states would be restored as soon as circumstances permit.
Addressing the University Aligarh Muslim Union of March 9, 1944, Quaid-i-Azam warned that "if President Roosevelt, under pressure from the powerful Jewish community worldwide, makes the mistake of forcing the British government to do injustice to Arabs in Palestine, would create the entire Islamic world beam from one end to the other. "He hopes that "the United States to revise their attitude towards Palestine." 13
In December 1943, the League has urged Britain and the Allied Powers not return to the Italian government recently liberated territories know Cyreneca Italy, Libya and Tripoli command, but are independent sovereign states. Meanwhile the League demanded the abolition of the vicious system of warrants and restoration of Palestine, Syria and Lebanon to the peoples of these countries and allows them to create their own sovereign governments. Finally, in the same resolution, the League demanded that the Allied powers France Press to release Morocco, Algeria and the Netherlands Tunis.14 When fresh troops landed in Indonesia, the resolution of the League in April 1946 noted with regret the right of the people of Indonesia's independence was not recognized, condemned delay in the withdrawal of British troops from Indonesia and sent a message of congratulations and thanks to the people of Indonesia for their struggle for freedom against any heavy prognosis and assured them their sincere sympathy and support of the Muslim nation of India for their fair and patriotic cause. "15
In 1945, in a telegram to Prime Minister Attlee, the Quaid, "President Truman said immigration proposal Palestine is not justified, invade another country, monstrous and very unfair said. Any departure from the White Paper and the promise of Britain not only sacrilegious and a violation of the Muslim faith with India, but a test of the British honors. is my duty to inform you that any transfer to appease the Jewish community in the slaughter of Muslim Arab and Muslim world is deeply and strongly weathered India and its consequences will be more disastrous. "16
In a speech at a meeting held under the auspices of the Muslim League in Balochistan Quetta, October 10 195, the Quaid spoke of the affairs of Palestine and the struggle for freedom and Indonesia, said, "The Jews also suffer from the same illness Congress. More than half a million Jews have been staying in Jerusalem gainst the people's wishes. May I know what another country suits them? I have much sympathy for them and have no ill will against the Jews, but the issue is who came to Palestine with a movable assembly to recover Jerusalem (where they lost 2000 years ago) with the help of British and American forces. I hope the Jews did not succeed in their nefarious designs and hope that Britain and America should keep their hands out of them, and then I will see how the Jews conquered Jerusalem. Every man and woman Muslim world will die before the Jews took over Jerusalem. the slaves and a career backup like us, but our hearts and souls go in solidarity with those who struggle for freedom and hope that the people of Palestine and Indonesia survive his ordeal. Subjugation and exploitation, if done now, there will be wars of peace and order. And if such use of small nations to continue even after this bloody war and then ask God to send more destructive than the atomic bomb to do the job and employment of this world force. "17
Different Muslim causes of the question of Palestine also spoke of the League of care under the direction and Quaid. The Muslim League characterizes the wartime occupation of Iran by British and Soviet troops as "unprovoked aggression" which "alienate the sympathies of Muslims in India and create bitterness in their hearts to the cancellation of all assistance for them to the allied cause. "(1941)
In August 1947, the new state of Pakistan emerged on the world map. Now the Muslims of that State should have the foreign policy of their own. The foreign policy of a country is subject to a number of factors. Depends heavily on its defense needs, history and geography, ideological considerations and time requirements oscillation direction. There are only permanent interests of foreign affairs and no permanent friends. The ratio of a country with other nations at some point reflect its economic and strategic needs. The results of a particular policy depends on a country's own importance in world affairs. Its size, economic power, strategic location, the industrial potential and end his scientific achievements, while determining the weight that you can practice to tip the balance.
Facts geography can not be changed. They must be accepted with all the problems permanently. Geographical facts are excellent ingredients to shape the habits and character of the people and the foreign policy of a nation is shaped largely by its geographical environment. Pakistan at the time of partition had a unique geographical position. It consisted of two separate wings each other for territory of India about a thousand miles. Had a common front two thousand miles with India. West Pakistan was West Punjab, North West Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sind and small states Bahawalpur, Khairpur, Chitral, Kalat, Las Bela, Swat, Dir and some minor. West Pakistan was bounded on the east by the west by Afghanisstan India and Iran, in northern China, and the territory under thirty kilometers with Russia and Kashmir, in the south lay the Arabian Sea. East Pakistan composed of East Bengal and fertile district of the former Assam, is limited to the East, West and North India with the Bay of Bengal in the south. The geographical position of a rare affected Pakistan's foreign policy.
Besides economic and defense considerations, another fundamental principle that influenced greatly in determining the foreign policy of Pakistan is its Islamic ideology. The foundation of our country is based on Islamic ideology. The Muslims of undivided India were determined to have a separate sovereign state of their own where they might be able to order their lives according to the precepts of Islam and could preserve its security and peace, religion, culture its way of life, and can promote their people. These were his ideological feelings that have studs Muslims in India to abandon their homes and migrate to Pakistan.
During the first months of the foreign policy of Pakistan amounts to little more than the will of its leaders and people have to survive, statements of Quaid-i-Azam on this issue were carefully truism. Goodwill has been professed for all countries, belief in the international honesty and fair play, the desire to contribute to peace and so on. However, some learning or attitude contrasts with the solid formulations of politics soon became apparent. One was the fire to Muslim countries.
Quaid-i-Azam express their views on the foreign policy of Pakistan, said: "As a new State born, Pakistan wants nothing so hard that the goodwill in the world Its inhabitants are committed to working with the heart. soul into the task of consolidating their new freedom and during that commitment in this great task, it will be very aware of the assistance and cooperation extended to them by the other states of the world, particularly at this time. "18
Quaid-i-Azam wanted to establish a strong and emotional block comprising all states of the Muslim world, seeing that they were united under the banner of Islam as an effective bulwark against aggressive design and a lot of enemies. He vehemently opposed the partition of Palestine and condemned the creation of Israel as a dagger in the heart of the Arab world. He said: "I hope that sharing plan will be rejected if the worst disaster or conflict unprecedented ... is linked .The whole Muslim world rebelled against such a decision ... no other way Pakistan is more to give full support to the Arab and will do whatever is in their power to prevent what in my opinion is a scandal. "
In an interview with Robert Stimson B.B.C. Corresponding 19 December 1947, Quaid said, "... our sense of justice compels us to help the Arab cause in Palestine in every way that is open to us." 19 He expressed the feelings of grace in his telegram December 24, 1947 the King of Yemen, Imam Yahya in response to your telegram of thanks for Pakistan's support to the Arabs in the Palestinian question. He said. "Once again you and our Arab brothers ensures that Pakistan will be held by them and do everything possible to help and support them in their opposition to the UN decision that is inherently unfair outrageous" 20
In response to the speech of the Shuraiki Muhammad Pasha, Minister Jordonian Plenipotentary the Quaid said emphatically "Islam is for us the source of our life and existence, and tied so closely to our cultural and traditional past with the Arab world that does not have to be any doubt about our sympathy for the Arab cause. "21
In a message of Eid Quaid-i-Azam said.. "My message to our Muslim brothers Eid States is that of friendship and goodwill All of us are going through terrible times The drama of power politics being held in Palestine , India and Kashmir should serve as an eye opener for us. Only by creating a united front we can make our voice heard in the councils feel the world. "22
Quaid-i-Azam gave open to the Arabs of North Africa in their struggle to throw off the yoke Fench support. In his view, the Dutch attack in Indonesia as an attack on Pakistan itself and transit facilities to vessels and Dutch shot, carrying war supplies to Indonesia refused. He played an important role in the struggle of the Muslim countries. It has provided the diplomatic assistance and equipment to liberation movements in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sudan, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, Nigeria and Algeria.
Relationship with Pakistan Muslim brothers Jordan States, especially Turkey and Iran, have been the most cordial and friendly. They contributed to the Emergency Fund of the Quaid-i-Azam and exchanged diplomatic missions and representatives.
No comments:
Post a Comment