The basic principles of the foreign policy of the new state of Pakistan were presented by Quaid-i-Azma at a press conference in New Delhi on July 14, 1947. He noted that the new state "will be more friendly. We all nations are for peace in the world we do our part all we can "2 These ideas we also explain the August 15, when, as Governor General of Pakistan, Quaid observed ..:
Our goal should be peace within and peace without. We want to live peacefully and maintain cordial and friendly relations with our immediate neighbors and the world at large. We have no plans of aggression against anyone. We are the United Nations Charter and we are ready to make our contribution to peace and prosperity of the globally.3
Prefiguring the doctrine of non-alignment, the Quaid-i-Azam, in his schedule to talk to people in the United States in February 1948, said:
Our foreign policy is one of kindness and benevolence towards all countries of the world. We appreciate aggressive designs against any country or nation. We believe in the principle of honesty and fair play in national and international relations and are ready to make our contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity among the nations of the world. Pakistan never found lacking extend their material and moral support to the oppressed and repressed in the world and in defending the principles of the United Nations Charter.4
Quaid-i-Azam World View
Eyes of the world are the key elements of human belief systems that act as organizing principles for world control our perception of the social environment. They are stable, but historical in nature and reflect the subjective understanding of objective reality forever. Eyes of the world offer basic assumptions about knowledge and action. Worldviews are of two types: the rationalist and not rationalists. The former emphasize the order, clarity, logical empiricism and analysis while the second will focus on "novelty, incongruity, intuition and subjective consciousness." 5 In the heart of the rationalist view the world is the dualistic notion that reality is fundamentally empirical orderly and available time. therefore, "all things can be understood and explained by means of logical analysis and empirical research can be in the form of ... ..life and conducted in accordance with the objectives and human aspirations". 6
The worldview of Quaid-i-Azam can be characterized as rational. Such characterization is justified by the fact that "calling Jinnah Religion has always been ambiguous, though not characteristic of his style of politics before 1937, and the data suggest that the use of the common factor was a political tactic not an ideological commitment ". (Emphasis added) 0.7 was definitely a normative component which was directed towards the realization of the idea of Pakistan. What kind of state Jinnah consider? His speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan August 11, 1947 provides an overview:
If you change your past and work together in a spirit that everyone of you, no matter what community he belongs, no matter what relations he had with you in the past, no matter what is his color, caste or creed, is first, second and last a citizen of this State with equal rights, privileges and obligations, there will be no end to the progress you will make. You should begin to work in that spirit and in time all these aspects and angularity of the majority and minority communities, the Hindu community and the Muslim community, because even as regards Muslims you have Pathans, Punjabis, Shias, Sunnis and etc., among the Hindus you have Brahmins, Vashnavas Khatris, also Bengal Madrasis, and so on - will disappear. In fact, if you ask me what was the biggest obstacle in the way of India to attain freedom and independence and but for that would have been free people long ago ... .. You are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed that has nothing to do with the affairs of state. We start with the fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one State ... 0.8
The same ideas of justice, equality and equity also informed the thinking and policy Quaid in international affairs. For example, in the emotional issue of Khilafat in Turkey in 1920, Jinnah as a true constitutionalist fans, Hindus and Muslims "," false and dangerous religious frenzy mocked "and threatening the stability of political structures and good long tail existing moderate nationalist lines.9 in 1937, after the rejection of the Arabs of the Peel Commission proposed that Palestine should be divided into Arab and Jewish state, leaving Britain with an order in a small area you can place holy Jerusalem, Quaid-i-Azam strongly supported the Arab position and called London to honor its commitment to full independence for the Arab people. in his presidential address to the Muslim League All India delivered in Lucknow October 16, 1937, the Quaid said:
Britain has dishonored his announcement to the Arabs who had granted them full independence of the Arab homeland and the formation of an Arab Confederation under the stress of the Great War ... .may pointed to Britain as the question of Palestine, if not fair and full of daring way met and decided bravely gong to be a turning point in the history of the British Empire ... ..The Muslims of India turning out safely and Arabs will in all forms possible in their courageous and just struggle being carried against all odds.10
The Quaid-i-Azam is vehemently opposed to the partition of Palestine and the creation of Israel in 1948. In an interview with Robert Stimson, BBC correspondent December 19, 1947, the Quaid said: "Our sense .... justice requires us to help the Arab cause in Palestine in every way open to us. "11 Similarly, in response to a telegram from the king of Yemen December 24, 1947, Quaid-i-Azam expressed" surprise and shock "all decisions of the UN adopted the partition of Palestine. Describing the division of Palestine as the "Arab brothers" "outrageous and inherently unfair" Quaid said that "Pakistan will be with them in their opposition to the decision of the UN." 12 after, Quaid-i-Azam cabled President Truman urging him to "respect the rights of the Arabs" and thus "avoid major consequences and implications." 13 free open fails Quaid-i-Azam has supported and North African Arabs in their struggle to shake off the French yoke. In his view, the Dutch attack in Indonesia as an attack on Pakistan itself and transit facilities to send and Dutch aircraft carrying military equipment to Indonesia refused. Diplomatic assistance and equipment to liberation movements in Indonesia, Malaysia, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, Nigeria and Algeria "14 Similarly, Pakisan is provided". "15
Pakistani security compulsions
Shortly after its emergence as an independent nation August 14, 1947 Pakistan has faced a hostile security environment. The most serious threat to Pakistan's security threat came from India, who has never reconciled to the idea of partition of the subcontinent. Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah also had strong reservations about the Radcliffe award he calls "unfair, incomprehensible and even perverse." 16 This is mainly because the Commission deprived the Pakistan Punjab border "territories which, by all canons of justice, which should have gone to [IT] -. Territories which enabled India possession append the majority Muslim states Jammu and Kashmir "17 despite its unfair, Quaid-i-Azam decided to accept the decision of the Boundary Commission and as" honorable people "Pakistan" had agreed to meet. "18 After acceptance of the partition plan, Quaid-i-Azam said the new Indian sentiments of friendship and desire for full cooperation, even to the point of "wanting a plan for common defense." 19 In a press conference New Delhi July 14, 1947, said relations between India and Pakistan "be friendly and cordial" of being "neighbors", "can be useful for everyone. second, if not the world" August 20, 15 of 1947, as the first Governor General of Pakistan, Quaid said: "We want to live peacefully and maintain cordial relations with our immediate neighbors and the world at large." 21 But the Indian inablilty to accept the inevitable reality of the partition of British India in Pakistan for these early hopes of friendly relations with India were cut, leading to the pessimistic belief that Pakistan in the words of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, had "been surrounded on all sides by the forces that would destroy it." 22 indigenous leaders had serious reservations about sharing plan follows from the following observations Jawaharlal Nehru: "Proposals to allow parties to secede if they will be painful for all of us to contemplate" 0.23 in the same orientation, resolution of the All India Congress on map paritition Committee, approved June 15, 1947, said:
Geography and modeled mountains and seas India as it is, and no human action can change the shape or get in the way of your final destination. Economic circumstances and the insistent demands of international business are unity of India even more necessary. The image of India, have learned to appreciate remain in our minds and hearts. The A.I.C.C. sincerely hopes that when passions have subsided present, the problems of India will be considered in their proper perspective and false doctrine of the two nations in India will be discredited and rejected by all.24
In October 1947, Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck reprted British Prime Minister Attlee: "The Indian firm in this document are determined tirelessly to do everything in its power to prevent the creation of the Dominion of Pakistan on a solid foundation . "25 According to the implacable hostility of US policy toward the new state of Pakistan, India forcibly occupied some princely states in Kathiawar, which acceded to Pakistan and safe accession of Jammu and Kashmir by handling. In addition, the supply of coal and back by Pakistan in cash balances, weapons and equipment are interrupted. The Indian government has failed to protect the lives and property of a large number of Muslims and there was a massive influx of Muslim refugees in Pakistan. In 1948, Pakistan has fought the war in Kashmir and face the prospect of India trying to "gas and stifle" it "at birth" .26 The conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir is mainly the selective application of the principles where the partition is based. British India were 562 princely states that, on the eve of the departure of the British were able to join India or Pakistan, according to its geography and the will of its people. With the exception of the three princely states Junagarh, Hyderabad and Jammu and Kashmir, the choice was simple because it had simply follow the dictates of their Muslim or Hindu heritage. In each of these three states, the ruling family belonged to a religious community and the vast majority of the population to another. And this abnormal situation has posed particular problems. In Junagadh and Hyderabad, Muslim princes rule over the Hindu majority.
Similarly, Pakistan security problems faced in the northwest, where Afghanistan also had irredentist claims. In November 1944, the government of Afghanistan, where the British would have to relinquish power in India, is represented in London that the inhabitants of the regions of the NWFP that had been annexed in India over the last century must be able to stand alone or be part of Afghanistan offered. The Afghan government was pushing for acceptance of their demands when in 1946 the Khudai Khidmatgar Movement, which was an ally of the Indian National Congress, raised the slogan of "Pashtunistan." The motto then "meant agitation or demands for independence lubbers NWFP - Pakistan Independence is, should such a state becomes" the partition plan provided that the referendum would be held in North West Frontier province if the population of the region wanted. join Pakistan or India. The British government rejected the proposal red shirt should also be an option for independence in the referendum as coordinating June 3, 1947 the plan.
The referendum was held in NWFP in July 1947 without assistance most sought independence as an option for the Pashtuns. Out of the total electorate of 572,798 votes for union with Pakistan was 289,244, while in 2074 were union with India.27 The NWFP became part of Pakistan, on the basis of the referendum. The border states of Swat, Chitral, Dir and Ambassador also acceded to Pakistan and the tribal jirgas in the border region became "the commitment of the tribal agencies of Pakistan." 28 Afghanistan has not accepted this agreement while the British had to assign Pakistan agreed between the British, the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League. as Quaid followed the referendum as the first Governor General of Pakistan dismissed Dr. Khan Sahib Ministry in NWFP in the first week after independence.
The non-recognition of Afghanistan in NWFP and tribal agencies as part of Pakistan, along with the fact that Afghanistan was the only state that voted against Pakistan's request for membership of the UN in September 1947, caused a feeling deep resentment in Karachi. In November 1947, Najibullah Khan, special envoy of King Zahir Shah of Afghanistan, Pakistan made three demands: "the creation of the province of free and sovereign" including the tribal region; establishing a corridor AERIES western Afghanistan Balochistan to give access to the sea or, failing that, granting free zone Afghanistan "in Karachi, and the conclusion of a treaty between Afghanistan and Pakistan that expressly provide that each party could remain neutral if the other party was attacked. "29
The hopes raised by Karachi talks of a settlement of the difference between Pakistan and Afghanistan have proved unfounded. In June 1948, the Government of Pakistan, Abdul Ghaffar Khan arrested and twenty other Pashtun leaders because of their subversive activities. These arrests were followed by the "intensification of the Pakistani army in the tribal areas (including the use of air power against their tribal enemies." 30
The forces31 of deterioration and concern for their borders to territorial disputes with its neighbors, India and Afghanistan Pakistan Army, Karachi forced away from South Asia for Security Assistance. Several other factors induced Karachi to look in the direction of the Western bloc, especially the United States first. Pakistan's ruling elite "originated in feudal and, to some extent, the commercial classes, the bureaucracy and the army" had a taste for the West because of his Western education and cultural perspectives. The Quaid-i-Azam was the best of Western education, along, cultural values and rationality. Second, Pakistan's economy has been integrated with the West, particularly Britain, during the colonial period and it was not easy to transform along socialist lines. Pakistan "rather have business partners in the West, as they were able to provide consumer goods at very competitive prices for local market needs and always virtually assured raw materials in Pakistan." 32 Third, Pakistan should strong political and diplomatic support of the western United States and Britain in the dispute with India. Finally, "the transfer of power by the British in the subcontinent to the Government of India and Pakistan did not lead to any immediate change in opinion Soviet and since the Soviet Union had doubts about the role of decolonizing nations world affairs, his attitude was a little cold. "33
Just two weeks after its creation, the finance minister of Pakistan, Ghulam Mohammad, during their informal talks wit the US charge d'Affaires Chairles W. Lewis, Jr., called for financial and technical assistance for Pakistan on the grounds that they were funds necessary to "satisfy the administrative approximately $ 2 billion over a period of five years immediately after Pakistan submitted to the State Department the following breakdown of Pakistan requirement. $ 700 million for industrial development, $ 700 million for development agricultural and $ 510 million for construction and equipping of the defense services. Moreover, the distribution of defense spending showed $ 170 million to $ 205 million Marina and to cover the shortfall under military budget.34 of Pakistan
These Pakistani financial aid emergency calls Washington met vague promises that border on the attitude to wait a sea '. Several examination supported the US reluctance to assume the role of a military benefactor Karachi. The first was a continuation of desire before independence from Washington to London to consult on issues of importance in South Asia. The second was Washington's insistence on a regional approach to the areas that required vis-à-vis unbiased approach dispute between Pakistan and India. The third factor is the American preoccupation with European affairs and the consequent denigration of South Asia as an important strategic region. It was not until the fall of China to the Communists in 1949 and the outbreak of the Korean War, a year after the United States began to pay serious to the region of South Asia attention in terms of its emerging global strategy for containment of communism.
No comments:
Post a Comment